Discovery and characterization of electron transfer proteins in the photosynthetic bacteria.

Research on photosynthetic electron transfer closely parallels that of other electron transfer pathways and in many cases they overlap. Thus, the first bacterial cytochrome to be characterized, called cytochrome c (2), is commonly found in non-sulfur purple photosynthetic bacteria and is a close homolog of mitochondrial cytochrome c. The cytochrome bc (1) complex is an integral part of photosynthetic electron transfer yet, like cytochrome c (2), was first recognized as a respiratory component. Cytochromes c (2) mediate electron transfer between the cytochrome bc (1) complex and photosynthetic reaction centers and cytochrome a-type oxidases. Not all photosynthetic bacteria contain cytochrome c (2); instead it is thought that HiPIP, auracyanin, Halorhodospira cytochrome c551, Chlorobium cytochrome c555, and cytochrome c (8) may function in a similar manner as photosynthetic electron carriers between the cytochrome bc (1) complex and reaction centers. More often than not, the soluble or periplasmic mediators do not interact directly with the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll, but require the presence of membrane-bound intermediates: a tetraheme cytochrome c in purple bacteria and a monoheme cytochrome c in green bacteria. Cyclic electron transfer in photosynthesis requires that the redox potential of the system be delicately poised for optimum efficiency. In fact, lack of redox poise may be one of the defects in the aerobic phototrophic bacteria. Thus, large concentrations of cytochromes c (2) and c' may additionally poise the redox potential of the cyclic photosystem of purple bacteria. Other cytochromes, such as flavocytochrome c (FCSD or SoxEF) and cytochrome c551 (SoxA), may feed electrons from sulfide, sulfur, and thiosulfate into the photosynthetic pathways via the same soluble carriers as are part of the cyclic system.