Update on parenteral iron therapy.

The role of parenteral iron therapy has been expanding with the growing use of erythropoietin therapy. Much of the clinical experience regarding the use of IV iron therapy in combination with erythropoietin therapy is based on the hemodialysis patient, but the combination therapy has been used in other patient populations as well. In addition, parenteral iron may be indicated in patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition and in other clinical situations of iron deficiency when the absorption of iron is impaired or tolerance limited. Once the indication for parenteral iron therapy is established, a selection of the most appropriate agent is required. There are currently 3 parenteral iron preparations available, including iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate, and iron sucrose. Although all agents have been shown to be effective in correcting iron deficiency, there are differences that exist between them. Both sodium ferric gluconate and iron sucrose have been associated with lower rates of serious adverse reactions than iron dextran, although comparative studies are lacking. In patients with previously documented intolerance to iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate and iron sucrose have been safely administered. In addition to the immediate and delayed reactions associated with the use of parenteral iron, the risk of iron overload and the potential increased risk of infection are of concern. This article will review the clinical experience of the 3 parenteral iron preparations, discuss safety issues, and provide guidelines on proper dosing and administration.