Phil Lieberman1. 1. Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Germantown, Tennessee, USA. aac@allergymemphis.com
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of the second phase of a biphasic response on the required observation time after resolution of symptoms that occurred during the initial phase. DATA SOURCES: We performed a MEDLINE search of the literature for studies published between January 1970 and January 2005 on biphasic response using the keywords anaphylaxis, biphasic anaphylaxis, late phase reaction, and early phase reaction. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective studies, retrospective studies, and case reports were selected for inclusion in this review. RESULTS: The incidence of biphasic anaphylactic reactions as described in the literature is highly variable, ranging from a low of 1% to a high of 20% of episodes. There is no clear consensus regarding distinguishing features of the primary response that predicts the occurrence of a secondary response. However, the severity of the reaction, the time of onset after administration of antigen before the occurrence of symptoms of the primary response, the presence of hypotension or laryngeal edema during the primary response, and the history of a previous biphasic reaction have all been mentioned as risk factors in various studies. The severity of the late-phase reaction is highly variable, and events have ranged from mild to severe with rare fatalities. Most late-phase reactions, however, are mild to moderate in severity. A delay in the administration of epinephrine and too small a dose of epinephrine given for the primary response have also been mentioned as risk factors. It is unclear whether corticosteroids given for the primary event can prevent or ameliorate the second reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Biphasic responses occur with significant frequency and therefore should be taken into consideration when one considers the observation period after the initial event. An observation period of 8 hours is sufficient for most reactions, but since reactions can occur as long as 72 hours after resolution of the primary event, some authors have recommended a 24-hour waiting period.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of the second phase of a biphasic response on the required observation time after resolution of symptoms that occurred during the initial phase. DATA SOURCES: We performed a MEDLINE search of the literature for studies published between January 1970 and January 2005 on biphasic response using the keywords anaphylaxis, biphasic anaphylaxis, late phase reaction, and early phase reaction. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective studies, retrospective studies, and case reports were selected for inclusion in this review. RESULTS: The incidence of biphasic anaphylactic reactions as described in the literature is highly variable, ranging from a low of 1% to a high of 20% of episodes. There is no clear consensus regarding distinguishing features of the primary response that predicts the occurrence of a secondary response. However, the severity of the reaction, the time of onset after administration of antigen before the occurrence of symptoms of the primary response, the presence of hypotension or laryngeal edema during the primary response, and the history of a previous biphasic reaction have all been mentioned as risk factors in various studies. The severity of the late-phase reaction is highly variable, and events have ranged from mild to severe with rare fatalities. Most late-phase reactions, however, are mild to moderate in severity. A delay in the administration of epinephrine and too small a dose of epinephrine given for the primary response have also been mentioned as risk factors. It is unclear whether corticosteroids given for the primary event can prevent or ameliorate the second reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Biphasic responses occur with significant frequency and therefore should be taken into consideration when one considers the observation period after the initial event. An observation period of 8 hours is sufficient for most reactions, but since reactions can occur as long as 72 hours after resolution of the primary event, some authors have recommended a 24-hour waiting period.
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