Sleep disturbances in depression and the effects of antidepressants.

Depressed patients often report sleep problems, which usually include difficulties with initiation and maintenance of sleep, as well as poor subjective quality of sleep. Such reports are confirmed by objective analysis of depressed patients' sleep through polysomnography, although there is no exact correspondence between subjective and objective measurements. In the present paper, we discuss some methodological problems related to the subjective estimates of sleep. Further, we review the differential effects of the various classes of antidepressants on subjective sleep parameters, as well as on sleep onset latency, continuity of sleep, sleep efficiency and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep verified with sleep recordings. Finally, we discuss the attempts to use these and other indices, such as delta sleep ratio (DSR), as signposts of the course of the illness, and predictors of response to treatment.