Advanced acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) during HAART-treated HIV disease, manifesting initially as a thyroid mass.

A rare case report of acute myelogenous 46 XY, inv(16)(p13q22) leukaemia occurring in a patient with his HIV infection controlled by highly active antiretroviral therapy is reported, in the context of a review of the available literature evidences. The initial localization as an isolated thyroid mass has no clinical equivalents to date. Although at its initial presentation the haematological disease had a very advanced (M5) stage expressing a predominant monocytic phenotype, two 1-week cytotoxic chemotherapy cycles carried out with cytarabin-daunorubicin, achieved complete remission (as assessed by combined diagnostic imaging, and repeated bone marrow studies). At the present 11-month follow-up time, eventual bone marrow transplantation is under evaluation, since the chromosomal translocation was still present. A such favourable clinical response to acute, advanced myelogenous leukaemia with an insidious recognition is considered infrequent, especially in the setting of HIV disease.