Functional neuroimaging and electrophysiology biomarkers for clinical trials for cognition in schizophrenia.

"Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia" or MATRICS is a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)--sponsored research effort to drive novel drug development for the treatment of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. On September 9-10, 2004, MATRICS convened representatives from NIMH, academia, and industry for the final of a series of consensus-oriented conferences, with this meeting entitled "New Approaches to Assessing and Improving Cognition in Schizophrenia." In this article, we present a summary of the discussions that focused on functional neuroimaging and electrophysiology biomarkers, outlining the research priorities, which included developing further consensus regarding the cognitive processes that are critical to examine in schizophrenia and the paradigms to examine them, resolving issues of test-retest reliability and discrepant findings in the literature, and additional basic research regarding the methods before fully implementing these paradigms in drug trials. Also summarized are the relative advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and varying perspectives among the participants regarding these tools. Our hope is that this report will help guide and further stimulate coordinated efforts among researchers, industry, and funding agencies in meeting the urgent need for novel pharmacotherapeutics for cognitive impairments in schizophrenia and useful neurobiological indexes for tracking the resulting improvements in cognitive function.