H Tunstall-Pedoe1, M Woodward. 1. Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK. h.tunstallpedoe@dundee.ac.uk
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the efficiency and equity of cardiovascular risk scores that identify patients at high risk for preventive interventions are compromised by omitting social deprivation, which contributes to risk. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: The SHHEC (Scottish heart health extended cohort) study of random sample risk factor surveys across 25 districts of Scotland in 1984-87 and North Glasgow in 1989, 1992, and 1995. PARTICIPANTS: 6419 men and 6618 women aged 30-74, free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, followed up with permission for mortality and morbidity to March 1997. Participants were allocated to population fifths of the Scottish index of multiple deprivation (SIMD) and their observed coronary risk was compared with that expected from the Framingham score for all coronary heart disease. RESULTS: The Framingham score overestimated risk overall and in each SIMD fifth. It seriously underestimated the variation in risk with deprivation. The relative risk of observed 10 year coronary risk (sexes combined) analysed across population fifths had a steep gradient, from least to most deprived, of 1.00, 1.81, 1.98, 2.22, and 2.57. Expected risk, calculated from baseline risk factor values and the Framingham score, had one quarter of that gradient, with relative risks of 1.00, 1.17, 1.19, 1.28, and 1.36. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk estimated by the Framingham and related scores is misleading in guiding treatment decisions among people at different levels of social deprivation. Such scores foster relative undertreatment of the socially deprived, exacerbating the social gradients in disease, which national policies seek to minimise. Debate and action are needed to correct this anomaly.
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the efficiency and equity of cardiovascular risk scores that identify patients at high risk for preventive interventions are compromised by omitting social deprivation, which contributes to risk. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: The SHHEC (Scottish heart health extended cohort) study of random sample risk factor surveys across 25 districts of Scotland in 1984-87 and North Glasgow in 1989, 1992, and 1995. PARTICIPANTS: 6419 men and 6618 women aged 30-74, free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, followed up with permission for mortality and morbidity to March 1997. Participants were allocated to population fifths of the Scottish index of multiple deprivation (SIMD) and their observed coronary risk was compared with that expected from the Framingham score for all coronary heart disease. RESULTS: The Framingham score overestimated risk overall and in each SIMD fifth. It seriously underestimated the variation in risk with deprivation. The relative risk of observed 10 year coronary risk (sexes combined) analysed across population fifths had a steep gradient, from least to most deprived, of 1.00, 1.81, 1.98, 2.22, and 2.57. Expected risk, calculated from baseline risk factor values and the Framingham score, had one quarter of that gradient, with relative risks of 1.00, 1.17, 1.19, 1.28, and 1.36. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk estimated by the Framingham and related scores is misleading in guiding treatment decisions among people at different levels of social deprivation. Such scores foster relative undertreatment of the socially deprived, exacerbating the social gradients in disease, which national policies seek to minimise. Debate and action are needed to correct this anomaly.
Authors: Peter M Brindle; Alex McConnachie; Mark N Upton; Carole L Hart; George Davey Smith; Graham C M Watt Journal: Br J Gen Pract Date: 2005-11 Impact factor: 5.386
Authors: Johan P Mackenbach; Vivian Bos; Otto Andersen; Mario Cardano; Giuseppe Costa; Seeromanie Harding; Alison Reid; Orjan Hemström; Tapani Valkonen; Anton E Kunst Journal: Int J Epidemiol Date: 2003-10 Impact factor: 7.196
Authors: J P Empana; P Ducimetière; D Arveiler; J Ferrières; A Evans; J B Ruidavets; B Haas; J Yarnell; A Bingham; P Amouyel; J Dallongeville Journal: Eur Heart J Date: 2003-11 Impact factor: 29.983
Authors: G McKellar; E Morrison; A McEntegart; R Hampson; A Tierney; G Mackle; J Scoular; J A Scott; H A Capell Journal: Ann Rheum Dis Date: 2007-07-05 Impact factor: 19.103
Authors: D Pagano; N Freemantle; B Bridgewater; N Howell; D Ray; M Jackson; B M Fabri; J Au; D Keenan; B Kirkup; B E Keogh Journal: BMJ Date: 2009-04-02