Tail loss, body condition and swimming performances in tiger snakes, Notechis ater occidentalis.

In limbless tetrapods such as snakes, propulsive forces are generated by lateral undulations of the body and of the tail. In a large population of tiger snakes from Western Australia, tail loss was extremely common (58% of the individuals) and often very severe (more than two-thirds of the tail was missing in 14% of the cases, and in some instances, the tail was totally lost). Tail loss was not however correlated with body size, mass or body condition of wild individuals, and hence did not influence their abilities to acquire resources. These large venomous snakes exhibit marked aquatic habits. Locomotor tests in controlled conditions revealed that tail loss had a significant negative influence on burst swimming performances. However, no effect was found on routine swimming speed and total distance travelled over 5 min. These results suggest that a long and slender tail, although important for maximal speed, is not necessarily relevant for the locomotor abilities required for successful hunting. Tail-damaged individuals outnumbered intact snakes, suggesting that tail loss did not severely compromise survival. Overall, in this species, a slight deterioration of maximal speed due to severe tail loss probably has a low (undetectable) ecological impact, at least for adults. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.