Successful outcome of mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a related donor in an infant with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 9;11 translocation: case report and review of the literature.

Although infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and MLL gene rearrangements have a poor prognosis, those with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been shown to have a superior outcome with intensive chemotherapy alone despite the presence of MLL gene rearrangements. We report the case of an ALL infant with t(9;11), a common cytogenetic abnormality in infant AML, who after relapse underwent successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from her HLA 2-loci-mismatched mother. Analysis of the outcome among ALL infants with MLL gene rearrangements registered in the Japan Infant Leukemia Study between 1996 and 1999 showed the event-free survival of patients with t(9;11) was not different from that of those with other 11q23 translocations. Most of the patients with t(9;11) described in the reviewed literature also experienced either induction failure or early relapse after achievement of complete remission, but some of them were rescued with subsequent HSCT. These findings suggest that infant ALL with t(9;11) has features distinct from those of infant AML with the same karyotype and that the prognosis among these patients can be improved only with the combination of intensive chemotherapy and HSCT An appropriate strategy for the treatment of ALL infants with different 11q23 translocations must be clarified.