Investigations and management of gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are protean. Any part of the GI tract and the hepatobiliary system can be involved. Up to two-third of SLE patients develop GI symptoms at some stage of their illnesses. Clinical presentations of GI lupus are non-specific and can be difficult to differentiate from infective, thrombotic, therapy-related and non-SLE etiologies. Clinical acumen and appropriate endoscopic, biopsy and imaging procedures are essential for establishing the correct diagnosis. Acute abdominal pain in SLE patients can herald an intra-abdominal catastrophe and should be evaluated promptly. Surgical intervention should be instituted without delay if conservative management fails or when there is clinical or radiological suspicion of visceral perforation or intra-abdominal collections.