Engineering blood vessels from stem cells: recent advances and applications.

Endothelial cells organized into blood vessels are critical for the formation and maintenance of most tissues in the body and are involved in regulating physiological processes such as angiogenesis, inflammation and thrombosis. Endothelial cells are of great research interest, because of their potential to treat vascular diseases and to stimulate the growth of ischaemic tissue. They can be used to engineer artificial vessels, repair damaged vessels, and to induce the formation of vessel networks in engineered tissues. For such clinical applications, proliferating human endothelial progenitor cells can be isolated from adult tissues or embryonic stem cells. Recently, these cells were successfully used to engineer single vessels and to stimulate capillary networks, both in vitro and in vivo.