BACKGROUND/AIMS: In 2002, the first reported outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection involving mostly intravenous drug users (IDU) occurred in Italy. We attempted a thorough evaluation of the outbreak, including epidemiological, clinical and virological analyses. METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological investigation, including a case-control study, to identify the source and the modes of HAV transmission. Hepatitis B and C (HCV) viruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfections were clinically analysed. Sequence analysis of the VP1/2A junction of the HAV isolates was also performed. RESULTS: Of the 47 symptomatic cases, 35 were IDUs. The only associated risk factor was contact (not related to injecting practices) with a jaundiced person (odds ratio: 5.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-29.9). Of the cases, 58% were anti-HCV positive and 4.7% anti-HIV positive. Three individuals died of acute liver failure: 2 were HCV-coinfected alcohol abusers, with underlying liver cirrhosis; 1 was HCV/HIV-coinfected. HAV-RNA was found in 15 of the 24 tested patients: genotype IB (8 cases) and IIIA (7 cases) were detected. CONCLUSIONS: HAV was probably transmitted through the fecal-oral route, although parenteral transmission cannot be excluded. The high fatality rate was probably due to severe underlying liver damage. The occurrence of this outbreak highlights the need for routine HAV vaccination for IDUs.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: In 2002, the first reported outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection involving mostly intravenous drug users (IDU) occurred in Italy. We attempted a thorough evaluation of the outbreak, including epidemiological, clinical and virological analyses. METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological investigation, including a case-control study, to identify the source and the modes of HAV transmission. Hepatitis B and C (HCV) viruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfections were clinically analysed. Sequence analysis of the VP1/2A junction of the HAV isolates was also performed. RESULTS: Of the 47 symptomatic cases, 35 were IDUs. The only associated risk factor was contact (not related to injecting practices) with a jaundicedperson (odds ratio: 5.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-29.9). Of the cases, 58% were anti-HCV positive and 4.7% anti-HIV positive. Three individuals died of acute liver failure: 2 were HCV-coinfected alcohol abusers, with underlying liver cirrhosis; 1 was HCV/HIV-coinfected. HAV-RNA was found in 15 of the 24 tested patients: genotype IB (8 cases) and IIIA (7 cases) were detected. CONCLUSIONS:HAV was probably transmitted through the fecal-oral route, although parenteral transmission cannot be excluded. The high fatality rate was probably due to severe underlying liver damage. The occurrence of this outbreak highlights the need for routine HAV vaccination for IDUs.
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Authors: Han Ul Song; Seong Gyu Hwang; Chang-Il Kwon; Ji Eun Lee; Kwang Hyun Ko; Sung Pyo Hong; Phil Won Park; Kyu Sung Rim Journal: Yonsei Med J Date: 2009-08-19 Impact factor: 2.759
Authors: Jesse L Yedinak; Yu Li; Maxwell S Krieger; Katharine Howe; Colleen Daley Ndoye; Hyunjoon Lee; Anna M Civitarese; Theodore Marak; Elana Nelson; Elizabeth A Samuels; Philip A Chan; Thomas Bertrand; Brandon D L Marshall Journal: Int J Drug Policy Date: 2021-07-31