Development times under long- and short-day conditions in the Kanzawa spider mite Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae).

In a theoretical framework, the development time of arthropods is closely associated with population growth, so that strong selection pressure may be imposed on development patterns. In this context, selection towards shorter development times may act on female mites in the season when population size is growing. In contrast, such selective pressure may be weaker just before hibernation, because the stage adjustment may be more important than population growth in such seasons. Thus, selection to shorten development times may act more strongly in long daylength conditions, so that different developmental responses among the seasons (reaction norm) may evolve. I predicted that the development time is shorter under the long-day conditions of population-growing seasons than under the short-day conditions of hibernating seasons, and that genetic variation at the long-day is smaller than that at the short-day. In order to test this prediction, the egg-to-adult development time of a population of Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae) was investigated under short (9L:15D) and long (15L:9D) daylength conditions at 18 degrees C. In addition, genetic variation in female development times under these conditions was estimated by using half-sib design. The development time of females at short day was 1 day longer than at long day under the experimental conditions. Male development times follow the pattern of females with <1 day delay. However, heritabilities under these two treatments were quite low and neither was significant. Thus, only the first prediction was supported by the results. In addition, maternal and/or non-additive effects in the female development time were highly significant under both daylength conditions examined.