Issues in minority health: atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in African Americans.

Cardiovascular disease (in particular, CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States for Americans of both sexes and of all racial and ethnic backgrounds. African Americans have the highest overall CHD mortality rate and the highest out-of-hospital coronary death rate of any ethnic group in the United States, particularly at younger ages. Contributors to the earlier onset of CHD and excess CHD deaths among African Americans include a high prevalence of coronary risk factors, patient delays in seeking medical care, and disparities in health care. The clinical spectrum of acute and chronic CHD in African Americans is the same as in whites; however, African Americans have a higher risk of sudden cardiac death and present clinically more often with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction than whites. Although generally not difficult, the accurate diagnosis and risk assessment for CHD in African Americans may at times present special challenges. The high prevalence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus may contribute to discordance between symptomatology and the severity of coronary artery disease, and some noninvasive tests appear to have a lower predictive value for disease. The high prevalence of modifiable risk factors provides great opportunities for the prevention of CHD in African Americans. Patients at high risk should be targeted for intensive risk reduction measures, early recognition/diagnosis of ischemic syndromes, and appropriate referral for coronary interventions and cardiac surgical procedures. African Americans who have ACSs receive less aggressive treatment than their white counterparts but they should not. Use of evidence-based therapies for management of patients who have ACSs and better understanding of various available treatment strategies are of utmost importance. Reducing and ultimately eliminating disparities in cardiovascular care and outcomes require comprehensive programs of education and advocacy(Box 4) with the goals of (1) increasing provider and public awareness of the disparities in treatment; (2) decreasing patient delays in seeking medical care for acute myocardial infarction and other cardiac disorders; (3) more timely and appropriate therapy for ACSs; (4) improved access to preventive, diagnostic, and interventional cardiovascular therapies; (5) more effective implementation of evidence-based treatment guidelines; and (6) improved physician-patient communications.