Outer membrane vesicles of Neisseria lactamica as a potential mucosal adjuvant.

The muscosal delivery of vaccines has many advantages including ease of administration and the induction of a mucosal immune response at the natural site of infection for many pathogens. Mice were immunised with outer membrane vesicles (OMV) prepared from Neisseria lactamica or Neisseria meningitidis by subcutaneous (SC) or intranasal (IN) routes, or live cells of N. lactamica given IN or by SC injection. A systemic IgG and mucosal IgA response was demonstrated and N. lactamica OMV induced antibodies cross-reactive with N. meningitidis; however, a cross-reactive response following IN administration was only evident after three doses of vaccine. OMV from both organisms were also an effective intranasal adjuvant for a co-administered model antigen, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), inducing systemic IgG against HBsAg and IgA in lung and vaginal washes. IN administration of N. meningitidis OMV elicited serum antibodies that were bactericidal for meningococci and provided passive protection in an infant rat model of meningococcal bacteraemia. The antibody response to N. lactamica OMV given IN was only weakly bactericidal but still afforded passive protection. Thus, OMV from N. lactamica given IN elicit immune responses cross-reactive with N. meningitidis and act as an effective mucosal adjuvant.