The chick/quail transplantation model: discovery of the isthmic organizer center.

This paper summarizes chick/quail transplantation experiments performed in the INSERM U106 by Alvarado-Mallart's group from 1989 to 2002. First, it will present the various steps leading us to demonstrate that, at stage 10 of Hamburger and Hamilton, the avian neuroepithelium is still competent to change its fate influenced by environmental inductive factors and that these factors emanate from the cerebellar neuroepithelium; then, it will be briefly reported, experiments aimed to characterize the genetic cascade involved in the formation of the midbrain/hindbrain boundary and the specification of the meso-isthmic-cerebellar domain.