The kidney, a cardiovascular risk marker, and a new target for therapy.

Both reduced filtration power and increased excretion of albumin in the urine are powerful markers for renal and cardiovascular progressive function loss. These risk markers indicate the risk above and beyond the conventional existing risk markers/factors. The risk is substantial, because both reduced filtration and microalbuminuria are highly prevalent in the general population, matching in prevalence with the most well-known risk factor, hypertension. Therapeutic interventions to preserve renal and cardiovascular function, such as with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, are highly effective, particularly in those patients that have reduced filtration power. In addition, short-term reduction of albuminuria that follows the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system intervention appears to be predictive of long-term cardiovascular and renal protection. In conclusion, estimated glomerular filtration rate as well as albumin excretion in the urine are powerful predictors for cardiovascular and renal outcome and should be used as such. Intervention and prevention could be aimed at not only at reducing conventional risk markers, but also at reducing albuminuria.