Laparoscopy for living donor nephrectomy--particularities of the currently applied techniques.

Today, laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) in many centers features the standard approach for kidney retrieval in living donors. More than 60% of the centers in the USA currently perform LDN and numbers are rising in Europe as well. Today's variety of laparoscopic approaches reflects the evolution in the field of LDN. Multiple modifications have been made for the laparoscopic approach, with consequences for intraoperative handling of the kidney, operating and ischemic times and with impact on donor, organ, and recipient. We reviewed the literature from 1995 to 2004 and critically evaluated the different technical modifications, their specific advantages and disadvantages and their impact for the operation. The article aims to help the surgeon choose the technique he feels most safe with for performing laparoscopic kidney retrieval safely and with good results for donor and recipient.