Alkylation of beta-tubulin on Glu 198 by a microtubule disrupter.

We have shown that beta-tubulin was alkylated by a microtubule disrupter, N-4-iodophenyl-N'-(2-chloroethyl)urea (ICEU), on a glutamic acid residue at position 198 and not on the previously proposed reactive cysteine 239. ICEU belongs to the 4-substituted-phenyl-N'-(2-chloroethyl) urea class that alkylates mainly cellular proteins. Previous studies have shown that the tert-butyl (tBCEU) and iodo (ICEU) derivatives induce microtubule disruption because of beta-tubulin alkylation. tBCEU was supposed to bind covalently to cysteine 239 of beta-tubulin, but this binding site was not clearly confirmed (Cancer Res 60:985-992, 2000). We have isolated and analyzed beta-tubulin after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins from B16 cells incubated with ICEU. Alkylated beta-tubulin had a lower apparent molecular weight and a more basic isoelectric point than the unmodified protein. Labeled N-4-[125I]CEU was effectively bound to the modified beta-tubulin but using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that none of the cysteine residues of beta-tubulin was linked to the alkylating agent. In contrast, peptide masses at m/z 4883 and 1792 in trypsin or Asp-N digestions of beta-tubulin confirmed binding of iodophenylethylureido moiety to peptides [175-213] or [197-208] respectively. Fragmentation analyses by electrospray mass spectrometry using triply charged ions of peptide [175-213] identified a glutamic acid at position 198 as target for alkylation via an ester bond with ICEU. This amino acid located in the intermediate domain of the beta-tubulin should play an essential role in the conformational structure necessary for the interaction between dimers in the protofilament.