Structural microbiology at the pathogen-host interface.

Bacterial pathogens achieve the internalization of a multitude of virulence factors into eukaryotic cells. Some secrete extracellular toxins which bring about their own entry, usually by hijacking cell surface receptors and endocytic pathways. Others possess specialized secretion and translocation systems to directly inject bacterial proteins into the host cytosol. Recent advances in the structural biology of these virulence factors has begun to reveal at the molecular level how these bacterial proteins are delivered and modulate host activities ranging from cytoskeletal structure to cell cycle progression.