Lethal and sub-lethal selectivity of fenbutatin oxide and sulfur to the predator Iphiseiodes zuluagai (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its prey, Oligonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae), in Brazilian coffee plantations.

Lethal concentration (LC) has been widely used to estimate pesticide toxicity. However, it does not consider the sub-lethal effects. Therefore we included the instantaneous rate of increase in association with LC to estimate population-level effects of the acaricides fenbutatin oxide and sulfur on the predator Iphiseiodes zuluagai and its prey, the phytophagous southern red mite, Oligonychus ilicis. The predator was 32.84x and 17.20x more tolerant to fenbutatin oxide and sulfur, respectively, than its prey, based on LC50 estimates obtained from acute concentration-mortality bioassays. The instantaneous rate of population growth in both mite species decreased with increasing acaricide concentration. Both acaricides provided effective control of O. ilicis at their recommended concentrations, but sulfur drastically compromised the predator populations quickly leading them to extinction due to the low reproductive potential of this species compared with its prey.