Improving the thermal stability of 1-3 piezoelectric composite transducers.

The effect of temperature on the behavior of 1-3 piezoelectric composites manufactured using various polymeric materials was assessed experimentally through electrical impedance analysis and laser vibrometry. Device behavior varied with temperature irrespective of the polymer filler. Most significant changes in the piezoelectric composites were recorded around the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer; movement to lower fundamental resonant frequencies and higher values of electrical impedance minima were observed at higher temperatures. Decoupling of the pillars from the polymer matrix was observed by laser vibrometry at high temperatures. The use of high Tg polymer extended the operational temperature range of a piezoelectric composite, and a high Tg polymer with improved thermal conductivity also proved beneficial. For all devices, at temperatures very close to room temperature, subtle changes in device performance, linked to polymer softening, were observed. Particulate filled materials have been investigated, and it is recognized that the high viscosities and low mechanical damping of such materials could be problematic for piezoelectric composite manufacture. The thermal solver of the PZFlex finite element code has been used to predict the temporal and spatial temperature response of a selection of the devices presented. The simulated and experimental data compare favorably.