Impact of obstructive apnea syndrome on upper airway respiratory muscles.

This article reviews studies of upper airway muscles in humans, with emphasis on muscle fiber structural and electrophysiological changes observed in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The concept of OSAS as a progressive disease is discussed and also possible causes. These include local nervous lesions in the upper airway, both motor and sensory. Previous muscle biopsy studies have given evidence for motor neuron lesions such as, e.g., the phenomenon of type grouping in histological sections. New data obtained with concentric needle EMG recordings from the palatopharyngeus muscles are also presented. In 10/12 OSAS patients there were typical findings indicating motor neuropathy (reduced EMG activity at maximal voluntary effort, long and polyphasic motor-unit potentials and, in two cases, spontaneous denervation activity), whereas such findings were only present in 3/15 patients with habitual snoring. This supports the hypothesis that progression from habitual snoring to the clinical disease of OSAS could be attributed to peripheral neurogenic lesions.