Biotechnological production and application of vitamin E: current state and prospects.

Tocochromanols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) are important lipophilic antioxidants for animals and humans. Their biological activity is expressed as vitamin E activity. This article describes the current need for vitamin E production, and compares different strategies to engineer the vitamin E content in photosynthetic bacteria and plants, with a focus on oilseed as target tissues. The current status of biotechnological advances in tocochromanol pathway engineering is summarized, and current limitations in our understanding of the tocochromanol biosynthetic pathway are discussed.