Inflammation and type 2 diabetes: results from KORA Augsburg.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with a systemic low-grade inflammation. First data provided by cross-sectional studies from as early as the 1960s demonstrated elevated systemic levels of glycoproteins and acute-phase reactants and increased leukocyte counts in type 2 diabetes patients. Subsequently, prospective studies showed that elevated concentrations of several acute-phase proteins and cytokines are predictive of later type 2 diabetes. Immune gene variants in man and in animal models were found to affect insulin resistance and diabetes incidence. Antidiabetic treatment by medication, diet or physical activity results in a significant decrease of systemic immune mediator concentrations. Immunological analyses of the KORA Survey S4 (1999/2001) allowed us to show that levels of circulating acute-phase proteins like CRP and of IL-6 are highly correlated and associated not only with overt type 2 diabetes, but already with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) pointing out a role of these mediators in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. On the contrary, TNFalpha was neither coregulated with CRP nor associated with diabetes status. Our study therefore shows that type 2 diabetes is accompanied by a non-random and differential upregulation of components of the innate immunity and suggests that this inflammatory condition is involved in the aetiology of the disease. Future work will extend the range of analysed immune mediators to chemokines and will also investigate the association of immune markers with indices of obesity to elucidate the relevance of this traditional risk factor for low-grade inflammation.