Ethnopharmacology and systems biology: a perfect holistic match.

Traditional medical doctors often apply a holistic approach in prescribing medicines to the patient. Each individual patient gets his own optimalized medicine, usually a mixture of different ingredients. The present day paradigm of drug development of <single target, single compound>, is based on a super reductionist approach which involves mostly tests of compounds at the molecular level in, e.g., receptor binding assays. This approach is not the best for studies on traditional medicines. A more holistic approach using systems biology seems much more suited to proof efficacy and to obtain information that might lead to understanding the mode of action. Synergy, prodrugs, novel targets, all these might be detected by a systems biology approach whereas the reductioinist approach only will recognize activity on already known targets, and will not detect synergism and prodrugs. Metabolomics will be a major tool in recognizing compounds connected with activity in the traditional medicines, and will also be very useful in recognizing the effect on the test organism, which can be the patient in case of clinical trials with well established traditional medicines.