Atherosclerosis and innate immune signaling.

Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in developed countries, is characterized by chronic inflammation in the artery wall. It has been appreciated for decades that this disease is linked to hypercholesterolemia and the accumulation of macrophages in the artery wall, yet the exact mechanisms underlying this inflammatory process remain unclear. The role of innate and adaptive immune responses in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been an area of intense study. It now appears that activation of innate immune signaling pathways designed to protect us from microbes may be responsible for initiating and feeding the chronic inflammatory cascade that characterizes this disease. In this review, we discuss the recent identification of Toll-like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways as critical contributors to atherosclerosis. Unraveling the contribution of individual Toll-like receptors and identifying the ligands that activate these pathways will be a central focus of atherosclerosis research in the next few years. The involvement of these pathways in atherogenesis will not only open up new avenues of investigation, but it also provides new targets for therapeutic manipulation that could ameliorate the atherosclerotic inflammatory response directly.