Role of erythropoietin for angiogenesis and vasculogenesis: from embryonic development through adulthood.

Erythropoietin (EPO), a stimulator of erythropoiesis, was previously shown to stimulate angiogenesis and proliferation of endothelial cells. Here, we investigated and compared the influence of EPO on cell number, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and differentiation of endothelial cells in intact mouse embryoid bodies (EB), isolated endothelial cells from EB (EBEC), and adult human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPC). EB were treated with EPO (0.5 U/ml) immediately after plating was completed (day 5+0) or 3 days later. EPO treatment was continued until days 5+3 or 5+6. Cultured EBEC were treated 3 days after being plated, and primary hEPC from young healthy adults were treated 5 days after being plated with EPO for 48 h. Immunohistochemistry was performed with anti-PECAM (CD31), anti-Ki67, anti-CD34, anti-CD133, anti-EphB4, and anti-ephrinB2 antibodies. In all, mouse EB and EBEC and hEPC, EPO-treatment resulted in increased number of endothelial cells, increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and enhanced migration. In EB, this EPO effect was most pronounced when treatment was begun early (day 5+0) and was accompanied by an enhanced endothelial tube formation. In EBEC and hEPC, EPO shifted the phenotypic differentiation toward an increased ratio of EphB4-positive cells, i.e., toward a venous phenotype. These results are consistent with an important role of EPO for the number, proliferation, apoptosis, function, and phenotypical development of immature endothelial cells, which persists from early development through adulthood. They provide additional and further evidence for a strong interrelation between hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis/angiogenesis (sharing the same pathways), which may be important in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions.