Phonemic fluency, semantic fluency, and difference scores: normative data for adult Hebrew speakers.

Norms for Hebrew semantic and phonemic fluency were collected in a sample of 369 participants, ranging in age from 18 to 85. Two hundred and sixty nine persons completed both tests and the rest completed only the semantic test. Phonemic fluency was assessed with the use of three letters (bet, gimel, and shin) and semantic fluency with the use of three categories (animals, fruits and vegetables, and vehicles). Scores of individual letters and categories, sum scores, as well as the difference between the semantic and phonemic sum scores are presented for four age groups (18-30, 31-50, 51-70, and 71-85). Results show that age had the greatest effect on fluency performance, level of education was positively correlated to sum scores but contributed little to its prediction beyond the contribution of age, and gender had no significant effect.