The adverse prognostic impact of advanced age in multiple myeloma.

The adverse prognostic impact of advanced age in multiple myeloma is multi-factorial. In this review we explore the various contributory factors to this phenomenon. These include general biological and psychosocial factors, which impact on cancer in the elderly population such as the presence of multiple co morbidities and poor performance status at diagnosis and variation in patient's expectations of treatment. Factors specific to myeloma include the ability to deliver optimum therapy in older patients and the impact of this on disease response, possible biological differences of myeloma in older patients, and how these various factors impact on the efficacy of conventional-dose, high-dose (HDT) and newer disease modifying therapies. Selected elderly patients can gain equal benefit to younger patients from effective therapies such as HDT. However, the use of specific assessment tools for the elderly, apart from chronological age, should be used to select elderly patients who will benefit. Future testing of newer therapies in patients with myeloma must include older patients, who will make up an increasing proportion of the myeloma population in the future and should incorporate assessment of effect of these therapies on quality of life.