Investigation of training needs for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).

The use of simulators for training FESS may in the future offer substantial advantages like increased exposure to difficult scenarios, reduced learning curves, and reduced costs. Training simulators may range from very simple, involving only visual simulation, to more complex, involving haptic simulation or force feedback. To effectively employ these training means, insight is needed into the training needs for FESS procedure. A study was carried out to investigate which subtasks of FESS are hardest to perform and have the longest learning curve. A questionnaire was distributed among two groups of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) surgeons participating in a basic, as well as in an advanced sinus surgery course. Results showed that tasks related to spatial orientation are judged as hardest, whereas manual tasks are considered less difficult. These results suggest that simulators will not necessarily need haptic feedback to train the most important knowledge and skills needed for FESS.