Reproductive physiology of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles atroparvus.

When exposed to a human host, Anopheles gambiae started probing 4 h post-eclosion, but 95% successfully blood-fed by 16-20 h with maximal blood volumes of 5- 10 microl per female. When fed sugar, the 95% feeding was not observed until 36-40 h post-eclosion; sugar meals appeared to interfere with blood meals. Similarly in An. atroparvus, maximum volumes were 10 microl when starved but only 6 microl when fed sugar. This species did not bite before 2 d, and 95% biting was by 4 d. Given single blood meals to water-kept An. gambiae, a threshold body size for oogenesis was detected. With wing lengths below 2.8 mm, eggs never matured, but when sugar-fed, females of all sizes matured eggs including the synthesis of maternal deposits. Although sugar feeding interfered with blood feeding, more lipid was transferred to the yolk. In water-kept An. atroparvus only 5% of the females produced eggs. When sugar-fed for 4 d, all females matured eggs, so in this species sugar feeding appeared to be essential for oogenesis. An. gambiae always took multiple blood meals, tested at any time after the first ones, leading to 120 mature eggs/female. Yolk composition was 3.9 mcal protein and 3.8 mcal lipid/oocyte when kept on water, but 2.8 meal protein and 4.3 mcal lipid/oocyte with intermittent sugar meals, thus marking a surprising flexibility in synthesis of yolk protein and lipid that strongly depends on additional carbohydrates sources. Only 80% of water-fed An. atroparvus re-fed 2 d after a first blood meal with small females taking three blood meals but they still showed reduced fecundity. Only the large water-fed females matured eggs, with blood volumes higher than 9-12 microl. When fed sugar, the blood meal input was reduced, but oogenesis was possible, whereas water-fed females required three blood meals to reach the caloric level comparable to pre-feeding sugar-fed females. Water-fedAn. gambiae could survive on daily blood meals alone, but survival was further extended by intermittent sugar meals. When offered a blood donor daily, there was a behavioral difference. Females maintained alone showed a more or less regular 3 d feeding and oviposition activity, while females kept in groups fed daily followed a daily oviposition pattern, suggesting gonotrophic discordance.