Avoiding pitfalls in surgery of the neck, parapharyngeal space, and infratemporal fossa.

The region of the upper neck, parapharyngeal space, and infratemporal fossa contains many vital structures in a confined area. Access is often limited, making surgical treatment challenging. Preoperative assessment is critical in determining the optimal surgical approach. In spite of improvements in preoperative evaluation and surgical techniques, sequelae from surgical therapy are sometimes unavoidable. Awareness of the potential problems is necessary to counsel patients appropriately regarding treatment options and all potential risks.