Concomitant drug, dietary, and lifestyle issues in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulation therapy for stroke prophylaxis.

Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia and the leading risk factor for stroke. In those at moderate to high risk of stroke, oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin (a vitamin K antagonist) significantly reduces not only the frequency of such events but also their severity and the associated risk of death. However, achieving optimal anticoagulation with this agent is clinically challenging in view of its complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. In this regard, concomitant drug therapy (both prescription and over-the-counter medications, including herbal products, vitamins, and various nutritional supplements), along with alcohol intake, dietary factors, and changes in lifestyle, can significantly affect anticoagulation control and thereby expose patients to the risk of bleeding or thromboembolic complications (due to over- and underanticoagulation, respectively). Therefore, it is recommended that intensified monitoring of anticoagulation be performed at initiation and discontinuation of concomitant drug therapy, and in the case of significant dietary and lifestyle changes. Moreover, many patients receive inadequate education and are unaware of such risks and their implications, highlighting the need for better awareness and education on this important aspect of anticoagulation therapy.