Factors influencing the radiative surface temperature of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups during early and late lactation.

The aim of this study was to examine the variation in body surface temperature of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups throughout lactation in response to different environmental conditions. Radiative surface temperatures (T (r), degrees C) of pups were measured on the Isle of May (56 degrees 11'N, 02 degrees 33'W), southeast Scotland from 29 October to 25 November 2003. Records were obtained from a total of 60 pups (32 female and 28 male) from three different pupping sites during early and late lactation. Pups were sheltered from high wind speeds but air temperature, humidity and solar radiation at pupping sites were similar to general meteorological conditions. The mean T (r) of all pups was 15.8 degrees C (range 7.7-29.7 degrees C) at an average air temperature of 10.2 degrees C (range 6.5-13.8 degrees C). There was no difference in the mean T (r) of pups between early and late lactation. However, the T (r) varied between different regions of the body with hind flippers on average 2-6 degrees C warmer than all other areas measured. There was no difference in mean T (r) of male and female pups and pup body mass did not account for the variation in T (r) during early or late lactation. Throughout the day there was an increase in the T (r) of pups and this explained 20-28% of the variation in T (r) depending on stage of lactation. There was no difference in the mean T (r) of pups between pupping sites or associated with different substrate types. Wind speed and substrate temperature had no effect on the T (r) of pups. However, solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity accounted for 48% of the variation in mean T (r) of pups during early lactation. During late lactation air temperature and solar radiation alone accounted for 43% of the variation in T (r). These results indicate that environmental conditions explain only some of the variation in T (r) of grey seal pups in natural conditions. Differences in T (r) however indicate that the cost of thermoregulation for pups will vary throughout lactation. Further studies examining intrinsic factors such as blubber thickness and activity levels are necessary before developing reliable biophysical models for grey seals.