Percutaneous spinal interventions.

Interventional neuroradiology procedures of the spine are being performed with increasing frequency. These therapies complement and, in some cases, replace more conventional operations of the vertebral column and its contents. This article surveys the background, present application, and future horizons of several minimally invasive spinal interventions, including vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, microcatheterization of the cervical epidural space via lumbar puncture for drug delivery, percutaneous intraspinal navigation, and percutaneous spinal fixation.