Protein-protein interactions as a tool for site-specific labeling of proteins.

Probing structures and dynamics within biomolecules using ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer requires the conjugation of fluorophores to proteins in a site-specific and thermodynamically nonperturbative fashion. Using single-molecule fluorescence-aided molecular sorting and the chymotrypsin inhibitor 2-subtilisin BPN' complex as an example, we demonstrate that protein-protein interactions can be exploited to afford site-specific labeling of a recombinant double-cysteine variant of CI2 without the need for extensive and time-consuming chromatography. The use of protein-protein interactions for site-specific labeling of proteins is compatible with and complementary to existing chemistries for selective labeling of N-terminal cysteines, and could be extended to label multiple positions within a given polypeptide chain.