Voltage-dependent calcium channels and cardiac pacemaker activity: from ionic currents to genes.

The spontaneous activity of pacemaker cells in the sino-atrial node controls the heart rhythm and rate under physiological conditions. Compared to working myocardial cells, pacemaker cells express a specific array of ionic channels. The functional importance of different ionic channels in the generation and regulation of cardiac automaticity is currently subject of an extensive research effort and has long been controversial. Among families of ionic channels, Ca(2+) channels have been proposed to substantially contribute to pacemaking. Indeed, Ca(2+) channels are robustly expressed in pacemaker cells, and influence the cell beating rate. Furthermore, they are regulated by the activity of the autonomic nervous system in both a positive and negative way. In this manuscript, we will first discuss how the concept of the involvement of Ca(2+) channels in cardiac pacemaking has been proposed and then subsequently developed by the recent advent in the domain of cardiac physiology of gene-targeting techniques. Secondly, we will indicate how the specific profile of Ca(2+) channels expression in pacemaker tissue can help design drugs which selectively regulate the heart rhythm in the absence of concomitant negative inotropism. Finally, we will indicate how the new possibility to assign a specific gene activity to a given ionic channel involved in cardiac pacemaking could implement the current postgenomic research effort in the construction of the cardiac Physiome.