Initiation and synthesis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 capsule on a phosphatidylglycerol membrane anchor.

The type 3 synthase from Streptococcus pneumoniae is a processive beta-glycosyltransferase that assembles the type 3 polysaccharide [3)-beta-D-GlcUA-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1-->] by a multicatalytic process. Polymer synthesis occurs via alternate additions of Glc and GlcUA onto the nonreducing end of the growing polysaccharide chain. In the presence of a single nucleotide sugar substrate, the type 3 synthase ejects its nascent polymer and also adds a single sugar onto a lipid acceptor. Following single sugar incorporation from either UDP-[(14)C]Glc or UDP-[(14)C]GlcUA, we found that phospholipase D digestion of the Glc-labeled lipid yielded a product larger than a monosaccharide, while digestion of the GlcUA-labeled lipid resulted in a product larger than a disaccharide. These data indicated that the lipid acceptor contained a headgroup and that the order of addition to the lipid acceptor was Glc followed by GlcUA. Higher-molecular-weight product synthesized in vitro was also sensitive to phospholipase D digestion, suggesting that the same lipid acceptor was being used for single sugar additions and for polymer formation. Mass spectral analysis of the anionic lipids of a type 3 S. pneumoniae strain demonstrated the presence of glycosylated phosphatidylglycerol. This lipid was also observed in Escherichia coli strains expressing the recombinant type 3 synthase. The presence of the lipid primer in S. pneumoniae membranes explained both the ability of the synthase to reinitiate polysaccharide synthesis following ejection of its nascent chain and the association of newly synthesized polymer with the membrane. Unlike most S. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides, the type 3 capsule is not covalently linked to the cell wall. The present data indicate that phosphatidylglycerol may anchor the type 3 polysaccharide to the cell membrane.