Impact of glaciations and geographic distance on the genetic structure of a tropical estuarine fish, Ethmalosa fimbriata (Clupeidae, S. Bowdich, 1825).

We assayed the mtDNA phylogeography [196 base pairs (bp) of the cytochrome b] and population structure (n = 680) in the estuarine fish, Ethmalosa fimbriata, from its whole distribution range: 14 locations along the West African coasts were sampled. Specifically, we considered Pleistocene glaciations as well as the hydrodynamics and climatic conditions of the estuarine environments in order to identify the main evolutionary forces that have shaped the genetic variation in mtDNA, i.e., the contemporary or the historical gene flow. There was an overall significant population differentiation among estuaries (Fst = 0.10). Although E. fimbriata showed a significant pattern of isolation by distance over the entire sampled range, this genetic structure did not mirror contemporary gene flow but the colonization sequence of the present distribution range. Finally, the mtDNA genetic structure traced the past historic dispersion that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene glaciations. The central part of the present distribution area was probably the species origin and due to difference in the historic migration rate northward and southward, isolation of a South group occurred first, 110,000-190,000 years ago, before the divergence of the North group 47,000-82,000 years ago.