PURPOSE: To describe and to evaluate a novel confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) for fluorescence angiography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and red-free imaging. METHODS: Digital infrared, red-free, FAF, fluorescein, and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography images were obtained with a cSLO in 766 patients. An optically pumped solid-state laser generates the excitation wavelength (488 nm) required for red-free, FAF, and fluorescein angiography images. For ICG angiography and infrared imaging, diode laser sources at 790 and 820 nm are used. Further features include an internal fixation control and a focus range of -24 to +30 diopters. RESULTS: High-image quality is achieved with a resolution of up to 5 microm per pixel in 30- x 30-degree images and allows for accurate delineation of normal and pathologic features. Simultaneous angiography offers high-contrast images. Corresponding display of quasi-simultaneous frames facilitates interpretation. A small focus difference between fluorescein and ICG scans occurs because of chromatic aberrations. Automated alignment and generation of mean images from several single frames allow for acquisition of high-resolution FAF images. CONCLUSION: Various laser-source related, optical, and electronic innovations improve cSLO fundus imaging for routine clinical application. A solid-state laser has advantages compared to argon gas laser sources, including less space occupation, heat emission, and noise production.
PURPOSE: To describe and to evaluate a novel confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) for fluorescence angiography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and red-free imaging. METHODS: Digital infrared, red-free, FAF, fluorescein, and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography images were obtained with a cSLO in 766 patients. An optically pumped solid-state laser generates the excitation wavelength (488 nm) required for red-free, FAF, and fluorescein angiography images. For ICG angiography and infrared imaging, diode laser sources at 790 and 820 nm are used. Further features include an internal fixation control and a focus range of -24 to +30 diopters. RESULTS: High-image quality is achieved with a resolution of up to 5 microm per pixel in 30- x 30-degree images and allows for accurate delineation of normal and pathologic features. Simultaneous angiography offers high-contrast images. Corresponding display of quasi-simultaneous frames facilitates interpretation. A small focus difference between fluorescein and ICG scans occurs because of chromatic aberrations. Automated alignment and generation of mean images from several single frames allow for acquisition of high-resolution FAF images. CONCLUSION: Various laser-source related, optical, and electronic innovations improve cSLO fundus imaging for routine clinical application. A solid-state laser has advantages compared to argon gas laser sources, including less space occupation, heat emission, and noise production.
Authors: A Bindewald; O Stuhrmann; F Roth; S Schmitz-Valckenberg; H-M Helb; A Wegener; N Eter; F G Holz Journal: Br J Ophthalmol Date: 2005-12 Impact factor: 4.638
Authors: Mark C Gillies; Meidong Zhu; Emily Chew; Daniel Barthelmes; Edward Hughes; Haipha Ali; Frank G Holz; Hendrik P N Scholl; Peter Charbel Issa Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 2009-10-07 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Artur V Cideciyan; Malgorzata Swider; Tomas S Aleman; Marisa I Roman; Alexander Sumaroka; Sharon B Schwartz; Edwin M Stone; Samuel G Jacobson Journal: J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis Date: 2007-05 Impact factor: 2.129