Using ultrasound to understand vascular and mantle contributions to venous return in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis L.

Using ultrasound imaging, we investigated the roles of the potentially contractile veins and of the mantle (the powerful body wall that moves water over the gills, and also encloses the large veins and the hearts) in returning the blood of cuttlefish to its hearts. Ultrasound provided the first non-invasive observations of vascular function in an unanaesthetized, free-moving cephalopod. The large veins (anterior vena cava, lateral venae cavae and efferent branchial vessels) contracted in live, intact cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.). The anterior vena cava contracted at the same rate as the mantle, but it often expanded during mantle contraction. Furthermore, the anterior vena cava contracted peristaltically in vivo, suggesting that it actively aids venous return. The lateral venae cavae and efferent branchial vessels contracted at the same rate as the branchial and systemic hearts, but at a different rate from the mantle. A peristaltic wave appeared to travel along the lateral venae cavae to the branchial hearts, potentially aiding venous return. We found a muscular valve between the anterior and lateral venae cavae, which ensured that blood flowed only one way between these unsynchronized vessels. The mantle appears to have an unclear connection with cardiovascular function. We conclude that, when cuttlefish are at rest, the mantle does not compress any of the large veins that we imaged (including the anterior vena cava), and that peristaltic contractions of the large veins might be important in returning cephalopod blood to the hearts.