Cardiac remodeling and failure: from molecules to man (Part III).

Given the lack of a unified theory of heart failure, future research efforts will be required to unify and synthesize our current understanding of the multiple mechanisms that control remodeling in the failing heart. Matrix remodeling and the associated activation of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs have emerged as key pathways in the development of heart failure. As such, attempts to understand the integrated control of ECM homeostasis with the bioactivation of inflammatory cytokines may be of particular relevance to the development of effective anti-remodeling approaches. Notably, the implantation of isolated populations of cells in failing myocardium has a profound and consistent anti-remodeling effect that limits the progression to CHF. These observations were consistently identified in numerous studies using diverse experimental animal models and varied cell types. Accordingly, multicenter clinical trials are underway, and the preliminary data in patients with CHF are encouraging. Despite the enormous promise of cell transplantation to restore and regenerate failing myocardium, the mechanisms underlying these profound biological effects are not understood. An improved understanding of the myocardial response to cell implantation, particularly on parameters of matrix remodeling, may help unify our current understanding of the progression of heart failure and optimize the development of this technique for its evolving therapeutic use. The following review outlines recent advances in medical and surgical approaches to control the remodeling process that underlies the progression of heart failure.