Inhibitory transmission, activity-dependent ionic changes and neuronal network oscillations.

Oscillatory network activity arises from interactions between synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties of neurons. In this review, we summarize general mechanisms of synchronous neuronal oscillations. In addition, we focus on recent experimental and computational studies which suggest that activity-dependent changes of ionic environment can affect both the synaptic and intrinsic neuronal properties and influence the network behavior. GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated signaling, that is based on Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-) permeability, is thought to be important for the oscillogenesis and synchronization in cortical networks. A remarkable feature of GABAergic synapses is that prolonged GABA(A)R activation may lead to switching from a hyperpolarizing to a depolarizing response. This is partly due to a positive shift of the GABA(A) R reversal potential (E(GABA)) that is generated by GABA-induced Cl(-) accumulation in neurons. Recent studies suggest that activity-dependent E(GABA) changes may have important implications for the mechanisms of gamma oscillations and seizure-like discharges. Thus, a better understanding of the impact of intracellular Cl(-) dynamics on network behavior may provide insights into the mechanisms of physiological and pathological brain rhythms. Combination of experiments and simulations is a promising approach for elucidating which properties of the time-varying ionic environment can shape the dynamics of a given circuit.