Influence of the packing heterogeneity on the performance of liquid chromatography supports.

We report on a series of plate height and flow resistance data obtained via computational fluid dynamics simulations in a simplified two-dimensional (2D) mimic of real packed bed and monolithic columns. By varying the external porosity (0.4 < epsilon < 0.8) and the degree of packing randomness, a good qualitative insight in the relationship between the packing porosity and heterogeneity and the general chromatographic performance parameters is obtained, unbiased by any differences in phase retention factor k', mobile phase diffusivity or viscosity or intra-skeleton porosity. The results provide a quantitative support for the use of domain size reduced plate heights as a means to compare the performance of chromatographic beds with a different porosity, as it was found that packings with a similar degree of packing heterogeneity yield very similar domain size reduced h(min)-values, nearly completely independent of the porosity. The study also clearly shows that the presence of preferential flow paths (inevitably accompanied by the presence of more clustered regions) leads to a decrease of the flow resistance, but also leads to a strong increase of the band broadening if supports with the same porosity epsilon and the same radial width are compared. For the presently considered 2D system, the flow resistance reduction is too small to overcome the corresponding strong increase in band broadening, such that the presence of preferential flow paths always leads to an overall increase of the separation impedance.