Blood transfusion and Jehovah's Witnesses: the legal and ethical issues.

A critical incident is any event that had an effect, or could have had an effect, on the welfare of a patient. Patients must be treated with respect by staff who demonstrate that they are sensitive to individual needs, values, beliefs and cultural background. This article will examine the legal and ethical issues relevant to the right of an unconscious Jehovah's Witness in an intensive care unit (ICU) to refuse a blood transfusion. The concepts of consent, capacity to consent, necessity to act, advance directives, decision making, consequences of failing to obtain consent, ethical principles, human rights and the best interests of the patient will be explored, in the light of relevant statute and case law, in order to demonstrate some of the legal and ethical complexities within acute healthcare delivery.