Recent advances in the neuroimaging of multiple sclerosis.

Neuroimaging studies continue to provide important insights into the central nervous system disease pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although conventional magnetic resonance imaging remains the mainstay of diagnosis and laboratory assessment of therapeutic response in MS, quantitative techniques continue to extend our understanding of both macroscopic and microscopic disease processes. Over the past year, many published studies have investigated measures of brain atrophy, gray matter involvement, vascular properties, and myelin and neuronal loss and have examined their relationship to clinical disease expression, genotype, and therapy. An important trend continuing over the past year is the development of targeted agents to improve the pathologic specificity of imaging measures. Specific disease measures such as endothelial activation, microglial activation, and cell trafficking are accessible to neuroimaging and offer significant promise for improved characterization of central nervous system involvement in MS.