Genes and atherosclerosis: at the origin of the predisposition.

Atherosclerosis (ATS) is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of established or emerging risk factors with multiple predisposing genes that regulate ATS-related processes. This review will discuss the current knowledge concerning the potential role of the genetic variations that could promote and/or accelerate ATS, in both animal models and humans. Allelic polymorphisms or variations of distinct genes that enhance the risk of ATS frequently occur in the general population, but only adequate gene-environment interactions will lead to the disease. The main genes so far studied are involved in the regulation of processes such as endothelial function, antioxidant potential, coagulation, inflammatory response, and lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. The detection of candidate genes associated with ATS could allow, in the near future, earlier interventions in genetically susceptible individuals. Further, large-scale population studies are needed to obtain more information on the specific gene-environment and drug-gene interactions capable of influencing ATS progression.