Gene expression following traumatic brain injury in humans: analysis by microarray.

Global changes in gene expression were analyzed in pericontusional tissue taken during surgery from 4 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), in cerebral infarction tissue from a patient with vasculitis and in normal brain tissue resected during craniotomy for meningioma. Of approximately 1,200 genes showing some level of expression by cDNA microarray hybridization, 104 ( approximately 8%) showed differential expression in traumatized tissue. Genes controlling transcriptional regulation, intermediary and energy metabolism, signal transduction, and intercellular adhesion and recognition were differentially affected most often. Four genes previously shown to be associated with TBI (c-Fos, Jun B, HSP70, and Zif/268) were all found to be up-regulated in at least one TBI patient. Thus, the robust response to TBI of several immediate early genes is confirmed, and a longer list of candidate genes from other functional categories is suggested for further studies aimed at understanding the molecular and cellular consequences of TBI.