Cell adaptation to solvent, substrate and product: a successful strategy to overcome product inhibition in a bioconversion system.

Carvone has previously been found to highly inhibit its own production at concentrations above 50 mM during conversion of a diastereomeric mixture of (-)-carveol by whole cells of Rhodococcus erythropolis. Adaptation of the cells to the presence of increasing concentrations of carveol and carvone in n-dodecane prior to biotransformation proved successful in overcoming carvone inhibition. By adapting R. erythropolis cells for 197 h, an 8.3-fold increase in carvone production rate compared to non-adapted cells was achieved in an air-driven column reactor. After an incubation period of 268 h, a final carvone concentration of 1.03 M could be attained, together with high productivity [0.19 mg carvone h(-1) (ml organic phase)(-1)] and high yield (0.96 g carvone g carveol(-1)).